World Culture Quiz Flashcard

World Culture Quiz

Ad Blocking and the Privacy Background for an Ethical Approach

Question: Examine about theAd Blocking and the Privacy Background for an Ethical Approach. Answer: Presentation Promotions can be very irritating particularly when they intrude on your substance by consistent pop-ups or auto play recordings on your site. They are additionally baffling when they break ones protection. It is very disturbing that when you scan for an item like Vanilla' on Google whenever you visit Face book you see a promotion for Vanilla. How does Face book get the data about which sites you visit? In the last quarter of 2015, news was all over that promotion organizations could convey between the present gadgets (Cecil, 2015). Because of these patterns, organizations have made programming to square undesirable promotions from showing up on the clients gadgets. The disappointment by the promoters to fix the system will call for selection of the advertisement blockers. This will be a hindrance to the promoting organizations, and they will be compelled to either pay the advertisement blocking advances to white rundown their stuff in case they breakdown (Taylor, 2015). Confiding in the promotion blockers to hinder the sponsors advertisements would be like the marvel of the feline guarding the milk pot. The Ethical Dilemma In the cutting edge web subculture, promoting organizations look to gather more information from the customers than any time in recent memory ever. The web related organizations are confronted with a problem that cuts over the security of the shoppers and the benefits against each other. This paper studies this ethical situation and gives a few bits of knowledge and suggestions that organizations and partners ought to investigate about guaranteeing protection in the cutting edge advanced period. Utilitarian Analysis The utilitarian hypothesis is a regularizing moral hypothesis grounded on the thoughts of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill (Bowden Smythe, 2010). The logicians contend that the objectives of our day by day acts whether fortunate or unfortunate are directed towards some impact (Shoemaker, 2011). The decency of the results of individual acts legitimizes the methods followed, regardless of whether attractive or non-alluring. The utilitarian methodology has been positioned the top hypothesis to be applied in the quandary of online security. The way that the circumstance includes a wide scope of partners, with the point of amplifying openings, clarifies the motivation behind why this hypothesis is the most only approach to examine the quandary. The individuals who buy in to the utilitarian methodology contend that people should expand on utilities. Unequivocally, bliss and worth ought to be boosted and misfortune and mischief limited (Bock, 2015). The essential focal point of this hypothesis is laid on the significant partners: the web customers and the organizations offering the web administrations. In a perfect world, the web administrations organizations would be shut down, and there would be no protection worries to be restless about. In the other hand, the web clients would have no specialist co-ops to control their information. Since the shoppers have little information about the web, they will be co mpletely incapable to deal with their information (Bock, 2015). Web access suppliers should initially lead an utility test on the shopper information to be gotten. A decent compatibility should be made among purchasers and the innovation based businesses. The negative effect of the information assortment practices ought to be considered instead of taking part in benefit based attractions. Likewise, when organizations connect a lot of information from the customers, there is a probability of destabilizing the trust from the customers. Most likely, clients will maintain a strategic distance from the destinations gathering an excessive amount of information from them prompting a breakdown. Deontological Analysis The deontological hypothesis is an unmistakable good methodology put across by a commended scholar named Immanuel Kant (Marques, 2015). The hypothesis is significantly established on the presumption that all the choice came to is intended to meet a preset adage (the expectation of the demonstration) (Bowden Smythe, 2010). This suggests our aims decide our day by day activities. Kant surmises that people are guided by an all inclusive code of good direct. This adds to his determination that a choice must be guided by generosity. Great' is widespread, and in this way it applies to all. In this point of view, a demonstration is acceptable without anyone else and needn't bother with a support from the result. In the use of the deontological hypothesis to the ethical difficulty one essential idea should be thought of, the integrity of the demonstration.' The activity to be inspected for this situation as prior referenced in the moral issue is the obstruction with purchaser protection.' Ideally, all the states on the planet denounce the infringement of one's security. Any individual or firm blamed for damaging the standard of protection ought to be taken through genuine legitimate measures. On the off chance that all states dismiss this demonstration, at that point it is generally off-base. It isn't acceptable without anyone else, and accordingly it can't be defended by Kantian good hypothesis. Excellence Theory Analysis The ethicalness morals hypothesis was propounded by a Greek savant, Aristotle. Aristotle suggests that a person who is plentifully supplied with temperances has a perfect good character (Stocker, 2011). He gives more consideration to the centrality of character and character. What riggings individuals towards doing the right? As indicated by Aristotle, it is either in light of the fact that they have irreverent obligation to do as such or to delight the ethical commitment of their state (Stocker, 2011). The temperance hypothesis reasons that every single human action are focused on a decent objective. Nonetheless, Aristotle weights on the need to find some kind of harmony among wants and joy. In this manner, the job players in any predicament ought to stick to the ethical directs to arrive at a tenable arrangement. An honest individual acts reliably and respects his/her limits. The individual in question consistently focuses on his/her set code of good lead. The web subordinate organizations should practice this. Their ethical stands ought not be influenced by wants. Abusing protection is clearly not a demonstration of righteousness. The organizations should protect the security of their customers no matter what. The promoters must practice a perfect good character. To guarantee an increasingly straightforward biological system, there is the need to keep off the questionable game on the web. The prudence moral methodology requires any association to act naturally intelligent to decide if its conduct is sufficiently satisfying to meet its vision (Holley, 2012). Organizations with solid excellencies don't participate in information following and reconnaissance. Differentiation Theory Analysis The agreement based hypothesis accept that a demonstration is able to be acceptable or excused to be terrible by equity (Cha, 2015). This implies the great and awful should be in accordance with the thoughts of the general public organizing an implicit agreement. This hypothesis weights on the need to consider our inclinations as well as the joy of the others. About the ethical quandary, all the partners assuming a job on the web need to make a biological system that could oblige every one of their inclinations (Berry, 2010). To guarantee this, the customers must relax their security conditions, and the administration makers abstain from crawling a lot into the shopper content. End The most ideal route for upgrading security in the web servers is just through taking an incredible alert while utilizing the web. The shoppers should peruse and comprehend the security approaches sketched out in the locales and keep away from the sites that they hate their arrangements. Anyway putting the entire burden on the buyers could be illogical and out of line. The businesses and the administration ought to likewise address the moral issue. So as to arrive at a conceivable resolution, all the moral hypotheses ought to be thought of. With the nuts and bolts of utility, righteousness, and rights, the chiefs will have the option to acceptably address the issues encompassing web protection. References Berry, D. M. (2010). Web examine: protection, morals and estrangement: an open source approach. Web Research, 14(4), 323-332. Bock, M. (2015, March 11). The Ethics of Internet Software and Consumer Privacy. Recovered September 13, 2017, from Medium: https://medium.com/@michaelrbock/the-morals of-web programming and-customer security a798b8b3edc8 Bowden, P., Smythe, V. (2010). Speculations on Teaching Training Ethics. Diary of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 13(2), 21-24. Cecil, A. (2015, November 19). 11 advertisement blockers to ensure your protection. Recovered September 18, 2017, from Policy Genius: https://www.policygenius.com/blog/11-promotion blockers-to-secure your-protection/ Cha, M.- R. (2015). Neo-Confucianism and Modern Virtue Ethics : On the Contrast between Self-Cultivation and Personal Ethics. The Journal of Moral Education, 27(1), 23. Holley, R. (2012). The Ethics of Scholarly Research and the Internet: Issues of Publication, Privacy, and the Right to Speak. Diary of Information Ethics, 15(1), 27-34. Marques, J. (2015). Universalism and Utilitarianism: An Evaluation of. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 8(2), 1-11. SHOEMAKER, D. W. (2011). Utilitarianism and Personal Identity. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 33(183), 183-197. Stocker, M. (2011). The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories. The Journal of Philosophy, 73(14), 453-466. Taylor, H. (2015, November 9). Protection will hit tipping point in 2016. Recovered September 13, 2017, from CNBC: https://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/09/security will-hit-tipping-point-in-2016.html

INDIEGOGO

INDIEGOGO © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comIndiegogo is one of the biggest crowdfunding platforms online. In this article, we will look at 1) what is Indiegogo?, 2) why and when to use Indiegogo, 3) benefits of using Indiegogo, 4) options to raise funds and fees on Indiegogo, 5) how to be successful on Indiegogo, 6) Indiegogo success stories.WHAT IS INDIEGOGO?Indiegogo is a well known international crowdfunding platform based in San Francisco, California. It was created in 2008 by Danae Ringelmann, Eric Schell, and Slava Rubin. Indiegogo is one of the pioneers in the crowdfunding arena.Unlike some of its major competitors, the website allows people to request funds for an idea, a charitable venture or a start-up business. The company aims to empower and enable anyone with a good idea to raise funds and attempt to reach their goals. Approximately 9 million site visitors are recorded from around the world every month.Much like other crowdfunding models, the website runs a rewards based system. This means that donors and investors receive a gift in return for their investment rather than an equity stake in the product or business. The company has expressed an interest in the equity based system as soon as the laws governing these transactions are made clearer by the United States government.HistoryThe idea for the website was generated by Danae Ringelmann, who was working as an analyst on Wall Street in 2002. During this time, she worked on co-producing an Arthur Miller play. Despite its popularity with the audience, there was very little financial incentive to continue work on the project. Given this situation, Ringelmann began considering alternate ways to generate revenue for the endeavor. Her inspiration was a senior filmmaker who approached her for funds for his film. A few years later, she went on to the Haas School of Business to begin a company focused on a democratic way to raise funds.At the school, she met her future partners, Eric Schell and Slava Rubin. Both h ad experienced issues with fundraising similar to Ringelmann’s, with the House Theatre Company in Chicago and a charity fundraiser for cancer research. The three began developing their idea in 2007. The project was titled Keiyaku and the official site launched in 2008 at the Sundance Film Festival with a focus on films. By 2010, the company partnered with MTV New Media to develop content for site projects and in 2011 the website managed to raise $1.5 million in a seed financing round. In 2012, the company partnered with President Obama’s Startup America to offer crowdfunding services to US based entrepreneurs. The same year, the company raised a further $15 million dollars in funding from Insight Ventures and in 2014, added $40 million to the financing amount.Unlike Kickstarter, Indiegogo does not provide publicly accessible data and information regarding its performance. According to independent research, in 2013 the company had 44,000 crowdfunding campaigns with a success rate of about 34 percent. These successful campaigns raised about $99 million collectively, and 40 percent of this amount was from campaigns that managed to raise more than $100,000.The website puts very little restrictions on the kind of project that can be put up for funding requests. There is a special discount in fees for nonprofit campaigns.WHY WHEN TO USE INDIEGOGOThe projects that are put forward for funding on Indiegogo feature a variety of categories from the arts to technology, business, and charity or cause-based projects. It is a good option for when a more passive monetary stream is required, or there is a danger of not meeting target fundraising amounts. It also requires less planning and detail than a kickstarter campaign since those have to go through a vigorous approval process. A project can be put on Indiegogo if it fulfills the website’s terms of service which are not overly complicated. A person needs to be over eighteen or if over 13, needs the approval of a gua rdian. Projects listed need to be legal and not for the purpose of a scam or intended to cause any harm. As of now, no share in the business can be offered as a reward.Because of these easier rules, the projects listed on the website include ideas, charities, business startups, products and cause based crowdfunding. Often people may use this platform to test the viability of an idea as a successful project or a money making endeavor. If there is not much response than it may be a good way to take the learning and rethink the idea or its application.BENEFITS OF USING INDIEGOGOSome of the benefits of using Indiegogo over other similar crowdfunding platforms are:The website allows both partial campaigns as well as all-or-nothing.There are more than one payment options including both PayPal and ordinary bank accounts.The website allows international projects along with US based ones.There are very few restrictions on the type of campaign. There are some terms of service, and the propose d project has to be legal.There is no screening process or wait time for projects to get approved.There is no limit on the dollar worth of the rewards offered.Some negatives of the website include:The biggest negative may be that the lack of regulation may let some unnecessary projects through, and these may never materialize.The community of backers or investors is much smaller than market leader Kickstarter.There is less buzz around Indiegogo campaigns and there is not enough parity in credibility with the market leader in crowdfunding, Kickstarter.The option to keep whatever is collected may make it less urgent for some backers to donate. There may be less investment in the potential success or failure of the campaign owner and their product offering.OPTIONS TO RAISE FUNDS FEES ON INDIEGOGOSetting up and launching the campaign are free for everyone. Before the campaign is launched, however, a choice needs to be made between flexible funding and fixed funding. This choice is not so concerning if the product goals are met. In this situation, the funds raised are kept whether flexible funding was selected or fixed funding. A fee equal to 4% of the total funds raised is charged by the website, and this fee is reduced to 3% for nonprofits.However, if the goal is not reached, then a flexible funding campaign means that the campaign owner is allowed to keep whatever they have raised, but a higher percentage is charged. This percentage is 9% of the raised funds. When a fixed funding campaign is selected and the goal not reached, then all the money is returned to the investor, and no fees are charged either.Once funds are about to be received, there is an additional charge for the payment solution. This fee is between 3 and 5 percent depending on the payment option selected.HOW TO BE SUCCESSFUL ON INDIEGOGOOne service that Indiegogo offers is the gogofactor. Gogofactor is a strong algorithm that helps campaigns gain visibility on the website and be able to reach th e right people. Several factors may affect the gogofactor. These include the scope of social engagement such as a presence across social media and response there as well as the reach of the campaign globally. Campaigners can raise their gogofactor by:Updating campaign information on social media outlets and spreading the word through the campaigner’s community to share the information further.Offering interesting and exciting rewards to engage the audience and move them to action through donations.According to the Indiegogo blog, some other actions can help raise 8 times as much money for people who use them as those who do not. These actions show a commitment to the campaign through an investment of time and effort.A Pitch Video â€" A video can make an incredible amount of difference to a campaign. A good video will show the people behind the campaign and their journey based around their campaign idea. There should also be an aspect of the mechanics of the business by showing whe re the money will go and a clear call to action. It is important to keep this short and crisp, preferably under 3 minutes.A Good Amount of Perks â€" A good number is three or more creative and generous rewards. A good idea is to reward based on specific contribution amounts such as $25 and $100.Offer Regular Updates â€" Updates can show progress, thank contributors, offer new rewards and showcase any press or attention that the campaign has been getting. These updates can help keep backers engaged and bring in others.A Good Media Gallery â€" It is a good idea to keep at least 5 or more items in the media gallery. These can be videos, images or artwork. This media can help build a context for the motivation behind the campaign and bring the backers close to the campaign. The same media should be shared across social media as well.Link to Other Pages â€" Any personal websites, blogs, Facebook pages, Twitter accounts or other social media outlets should be linked back to the campaign. This link across channels will help build credibility and allow a strong story line to be created over the course of the campaign and beyond.Keep the Campaign Short â€" Though Indiegogo does not put any time restrictions on campaigns, it is a good idea to have a short campaign. Short means less than 60 days. This allows more buzz and fewer chances of people putting off contributing to a later time. Before deciding timeframe, factors such as time needed to run an effective campaign and the amount of money required and other aspects of strategy should be considered carefully. Mistakes to AvoidSome common crowdfunding mistakes to avoid include:Don’t make the video a short film. An endless video will lose an audience no matter how much effort went into making it. The video should be short and crisp but still manage to portray all the right information to the audience in a compelling manner.Don’t wait for the backers to show up. A campaign needs to be pushed for it to be effective. I t is important to reach out to family, friends, coworkers, acquaintances as well as other influential people who may be relevant to or interested in the campaign. A strong social media will also help the campaign raise its gogofactor and be more visible.Don’t write too much text in the description. No one is interested in a long essay on how the project came to be here. Instead, use visual aids to push the message across.Don’t create unreasonably high rewards. Rewards should cover all levels of donations from small ones to large contributions, and the reward should reflect these levels as well.Don’t ignore past successes and failures. Once a campaign ends, its page stays on the website. This can provide valuable information about what works and what does not and can help improve a campaign.INDIEGOGO SUCCESS STORIESMost Funded ProjectsSome of the most funded projects on Indiegogo are not necessarily successful ones given how the website allows both fixed and flexible funding.Te chnology: Ubuntu Edge: This project raised over $12 million of its $32 million goal, about 40 percent. This was a fixed funding project which means that it was not a successful campaign despite being the highest funded project on the website. The proposed smart phone was to be released as 40,000 units only via Indiegogo to show the evolution of technology. Education: An Hour of Code for Every Student: This was a nonprofit flexibly funded project that managed to raise 80 percent of its target. Over $4 million have been raised, and the project remains open. The aim of the project is to allow every student to be able to learn computer science. Technology: Accent Wear Cat Ear Headphones: These are a fashion and technology project, a pair of headphones shaped like cat ears with LED lights built in that is a forever funding program. The campaign has managed to raise well over its $250,000 budget and was continuing to raise funds Rewards allow contributors to pre-order. Community: Stone Gr oundbreaking Collaborations: This was a flexibly funded program that is now closed. The campaign managed to reach well over its target if $1 million by raising over $2.5 million in about six weeks’ time. The product on offer is a rare beer from a highly rated brewery.Film: Lazer Team by Rooster Teeth: This flexibly funded campaign managed to raise 382 percent of its target goal of $650,000 by raising a substantial sum of over $2.4 million dollars in one month. This science fiction film offered rewards starting from a $5 contribution to a $10,000 one.Successful Product LaunchesThough there are many interesting projects and products on Indiegogo, a few that made it to commercial success in 2013 include:iSmartAlarm â€" Apple Store: An amazing home security device that gained backing from over 1500 supporters is now being sold in Apple stores for $250 each.StickNFind â€" Brookstone: Created by Jimmy Buchheim, the product helps people find lost items such as glasses, keys and almost an ything else by touching a button. A crowdfunding campaign that raised $931,870 on Indiegogo led to Brookstone taking on the product.Spuni â€" Amazon: A specially crafted spoon for babies, this ergonomic invention raised $37,000 and manufacturing began in Brooklyn, New York. These can now be purchased on Amazon.com.Misfit Shine â€" Best Buy, Target, Apple Store: This activity tracker had already raised funding required to bring it to market, but the founder ran an Indiegogo campaign to see what the customers wanted from this product. The campaign met with resounding success by raising $850,000 and is now sold at three major stores.Celebrities on IndiegogoIn 2013, the following celebrities turned to Indiegogo to fund their campaigns:James Franco launched a campaign to turn his book of short stories into three feature length films. He has promised to donate profits from these films to a non-profit organization encouraging actors and artists to dedicate time to terminally sick children. Nick Carter launched a campaign to raise money for his little known passion of horror films. He aims to use the Indiegogo funds to produce, write and costar in a horror film, Evil Blessings.William Shatner is collaborating with Egard to create a masterpiece wristwatch that is affordable yet limited editionLil Wayne is partnering with nonprofit The Motivational Edge to empower inner city children to have access to culturally relevant programs after school. IndieGoGo INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in  Berlin  with Indiegogo. Danae, who are you and what do you do?Danae: Hi. Im Danae, Im one of the founders and Chief Development Officer at Indiegogo. And we are now the largest, global, open funding platform in the world.Martin: Great! When did you start Indiegogo and why did you start it?Danae: I started thinking about it and working on an idea in 2001. I quit finance to go start it in 2006, met my co-founders then and we launched in January 2008.And the reason I started it was because I pretty much grew up my entire life around a problem and had to witness a problem actually, became part of the problem. And that was the problem of access to capital, inefficient access to capital.So, I watched my parents struggle for 30 years to grow their business because they never could access an outside loan. I went into finance and started working with filmmakers and theater producers on the side. Failing it, helping them raise money and realize that the finance was broken, because what was happening is that ideas were only getting born if they were lucky enough to find a gatekeeper to roll the dice and bet on them. And that, the way to fix finance was not rely on gatekeepers but actually put the power back in the hands of the people to decide which ideas came to live. By letting people fund the ideas that matter to them. So I quit finance in 2006 and started Indiegogo to do that.Martin: Great!INDIEGOGO BUSINESS MODELMartin: Danae, how is the current business model working for Indiegogo?Danae: So the way Indiegogo works, is that anybody anywhere in the world can create a campaign on their side by the create button. You can be an entrepreneur raising money to start a business, you can be an artist raising money for your next album or film that you want to make, you can be an activist or community citizen trying to raise money for a local charity or a local community effort.All you need to do is literally create  a campaign and get going and share it with your friends, family and supporters and funders and customers and empower them to help you fund. Indiegogo adds a lot of amplification on top of that. So we integrate with social media, we do a lot around helping elevate the exposure so you can actually raise the most money possible using our site than anywhere else.And what people do is that people fund in exchange for what we call perks, which is like a token of thanks. So a great example is here in Germany, a campaign for the Panono was launched and raised $1.2 million. It was a new startup with a product which is basically a ball that you throw in the air and it takes a 3D picture. Its very cool.  Well, they use Indiegogo as a way to get the startup funding so they could launch to the market.And we have  a campaign like the TinkerBots which is a really cool robotic Lego set for kids. It teaches kids about robotics. Theyd actually raised  â‚¬1 million in venture funding but then they still used Indiegogo as a way to raise another $300 thousand to really validate their market, refine their product market fit, really understand what their funders and customers wanted, so when they did the full launch, they knew who their customers are, or where they were, what theyre willing to pay, what features they wanted, all that stuff.Martin: And they adjust their pricing or business model during the campaign?Danae: Well, what they did is they learnt a lot about what peoples willingness to pay. So when you know a lot of, the old way of doing things before you launched a product is youd have a focus group, which is gathering a bunch of strangers and ask them would you pay for this. And they might say yes, they might no, but still its hypothetical. Indiegogo says, well if you pay for it, why dont you do it right now. Lets put yourMartin: Money where their worth is.Danae: Money where their mouth is. Yes. And so, its a great indication of whether there is a market there or not. And so thats why were seeing, Indiegogo has become a place not just to raise money if you cant access the traditional capital like bank loans or venture investment, or even government funding. But now Indiegogo has become a place for that as well as for ideas that maybe you can access traditional funding, but still want to use Indiegogo as a platform to really proof that market and proof that product market fit so that when they launched fully, theyre as bottom up as possible.Martin: Today Indiegogo is quite big. So, from a user or entrepreneur perspective it totally make sense to use them because you have tons, millions of users on it who could potentially purchase perks at your company.Danae: Fun perks. Its not a store, its not a purchase.Martin: When you started in 2008, why should an entrepreneur put his business on your company when you didnt have a lot of distribution?Danae: Thats a great question. I always like to say, the hardest part about starting a market place business which I consider us as a market place business. We dont have buyers and sellers, but we have you know, funders and raisers. The hardest part about starting a market place business is starting. Its the chicken and the egg issue.And so, in the early days, what we focused on, was just proofing that this was a way to raise money efficiently. Maybe more efficiently than offline. When Indiegogo started, the word crowdfunding didnt exist, we were the first platform. This concept is very novel and theres a lot of skepticism. And so what we just did is, we focused on campaign first and we did whatever it took to help them raise money.  And in the process of helping them, we learnt what the needs were, what the pain points were and then we build product around that to help address those pain points in need.So, very early it became clear that the whole point of using Indiegogo is to raise more money than you ever could have a loan. So we ask the question, well you know, yes, were removing a pain point. So if someo ne want to raise money online, they could just put up a website, put up a PayPal link for something and raise that way.So in early days, we remove that pain because we allow them not to have to go through their own website and their own PayPal, etc. But that quickly, that functionality became sophisticated and so then the point of Indiegogo became the ability to reach more people. And so with that, were able to add functionality around social media integration, where people fund Indiegogo and theyre automatically prompted to share it and post it on Facebook and Twitter. We like to say that, when Indiegogo started, I think Twitter had just launched, Facebook was still college only and YouTube was big but MySpace was a big social network then.Were still in very early days, but we realized the whole point is amplification. Indiegogos reason for being is to help ideas amplify themselves. So now with a platform known as the platform that will help you raise the most money possible becaus e we focus on this, and were continuing to focus on this. Were still rolling out product features and enhancements to help with amplification.BEST CAMPAIGNS GOGOFACTORMartin: What type of business ideas run very well on Indiegogo, in terms of which type of business model can raise a lot of money?Danae: Its interesting, a lot of people say what industries do the best. What really, what a successful campaign comes down to is not what industry its in, its what work and effort youre willing to put in it, and how much you audience actually cares. So, we see all kinds of campaigns from businesses launch to food trucks or gadgets get launched, but then we also see filmmakers and professional musicians like leaving their labels and using Indiegogo to raise money. Like We the Kings or Protest the Hero, theyve each raised hundred and thousands of dollars to make an album and  go direct to their fans.So, one thing that a lot of people think that Indiegogo is about is a larger campaign is bet ter, we dont believe that. At Indiegogo, everyone has the right to raise money, and every idea, large and small, is equal in our minds. And so, if your goal is to just open up a coffee shop in your neighborhood and you just need €20 thousand, then go for a campaign to raise €20 thousand. Just because youre not raising 2 million, doesnt mean youre not as important.But then we also have the platform, so that if you do need that 2 million, we have the infrastructure to support that as well. And so the end goal with Indiegogo is a world where everyone is funding what matters to them, whether its a really cool gadget because you love gadgets or its your local coffee shop because you love coffee. Theyre both equally important in your eyes and Indiegogo wants to be the place where you can fund whatever matters to you.Martin: Are there any business model that you are trying to promote on your first page so when people are coming to your website and they see them and what would be the al gorithm behind choosing this kind of business?Danae: So Indiegogo at our core, our core believe is that everyone deserve the right to raise money. And so because of that, Indiegogo pioneered an open approach to online funding. So at Indiegogo  we don’t pick and choose projects, its totally open, no application, no judgment. But we also believe in meritocracy. So the ideas that rise to the top that end up on our homepage, for example, or in our newsletters, are ones that earn their way there. And they earn it by doing all the things to engage a community. Its not just a funding popularity contest but its the engaging, its having the audience thats engaged, its really having a community and a conversation with them, and really kind of bringing everybody together that matters the most.The way weve done this is we created what we call a gogofactor, which is a merit base algorithm similar to Googles PageRank algorithm that determined the placement and the promotions. So the higher you r gogofactor, the higher the chances youll show up on the homepage. And I like to say, I love going to the homepage in the morning to see whats there because I dont even know.Martin: Interesting.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM DANAE RINGELMANN We meet Danae Ringelmann, chief development officer of Indiegogo, in Berlin. She shares her story of how she started her company and what drove her decision to become an entrepreneur. Then Danae talks about the business model of Indiegogo and what you need to consider to create a well performing Indiegogo campaign (hint: the gogofactor has something to do with it). Lastly, she gives some applicable advice for entrepreneurs to become more efficient and grow their companies.The transcript of the interview is below.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in  Berlin  with Indiegogo. Danae, who are you and what do you do?Danae: Hi. Im Danae, Im one of the founders and Chief Development Officer at Indiegogo. And we are now the largest, global, open funding platform in the world.Martin: Great! When did you start Indiegogo and why did you start it?Danae: I started thinking about it and working on an idea in 2001. I quit finance to go start it in 2006, met my co-founders then and we launched in January 2008.And the reason I started it was because I pretty much grew up my entire life around a problem and had to witness a problem actually, became part of the problem. And that was the problem of access to capital, inefficient access to capital.So, I watched my parents struggle for 30 years to grow their business because they never could access an outside loan. I went into finance and started working with filmmakers and theater producers on the side. Failing it, helping them raise money and realize that the finance was broken, because what was happening is that ideas were only getting born if they were lucky enough to find a gatekeeper to roll the dice and bet on them. And that, the way to fix finance was not rely on gatekeepers but actually put the power back in the hands of the people to decide which ideas came to live. By letting people fund the ideas that matter to them. So I quit finance in 2006 and started Indiegogo to do that.Martin: Great!INDIEGOGO BUSINESS MODELMartin : Danae, how is the current business model working for Indiegogo?Danae: So the way Indiegogo works, is that anybody anywhere in the world can create a campaign on their side by the create button. You can be an entrepreneur raising money to start a business, you can be an artist raising money for your next album or film that you want to make, you can be an activist or community citizen trying to raise money for a local charity or a local community effort.All you need to do is literally create  a campaign and get going and share it with your friends, family and supporters and funders and customers and empower them to help you fund. Indiegogo adds a lot of amplification on top of that. So we integrate with social media, we do a lot around helping elevate the exposure so you can actually raise the most money possible using our site than anywhere else.And what people do is that people fund in exchange for what we call perks, which is like a token of thanks. So a great example is here in Germany, a campaign for the Panono was launched and raised $1.2 million. It was a new startup with a product which is basically a ball that you throw in the air and it takes a 3D picture. Its very cool.  Well, they use Indiegogo as a way to get the startup funding so they could launch to the market.And we have  a campaign like the TinkerBots which is a really cool robotic Lego set for kids. It teaches kids about robotics. Theyd actually raised  â‚¬1 million in venture funding but then they still used Indiegogo as a way to raise another $300 thousand to really validate their market, refine their product market fit, really understand what their funders and customers wanted, so when they did the full launch, they knew who their customers are, or where they were, what theyre willing to pay, what features they wanted, all that stuff.Martin: And they adjust their pricing or business model during the campaign?Danae: Well, what they did is they learnt a lot about what peoples willingness to pay. So when you know a lot of, the old way of doing things before you launched a product is youd have a focus group, which is gathering a bunch of strangers and ask them would you pay for this. And they might say yes, they might no, but still its hypothetical. Indiegogo says, well if you pay for it, why dont you do it right now. Lets put yourMartin: Money where their worth is.Danae: Money where their mouth is. Yes. And so, its a great indication of whether there is a market there or not. And so thats why were seeing, Indiegogo has become a place not just to raise money if you cant access the traditional capital like bank loans or venture investment, or even government funding. But now Indiegogo has become a place for that as well as for ideas that maybe you can access traditional funding, but still want to use Indiegogo as a platform to really proof that market and proof that product market fit so that when they launched fully, theyre as bottom up as possible.Martin: Today Indie gogo is quite big. So, from a user or entrepreneur perspective it totally make sense to use them because you have tons, millions of users on it who could potentially purchase perks at your company.Danae: Fun perks. Its not a store, its not a purchase.Martin: When you started in 2008, why should an entrepreneur put his business on your company when you didnt have a lot of distribution?Danae: Thats a great question. I always like to say, the hardest part about starting a market place business which I consider us as a market place business. We dont have buyers and sellers, but we have you know, funders and raisers. The hardest part about starting a market place business is starting. Its the chicken and the egg issue.And so, in the early days, what we focused on, was just proofing that this was a way to raise money efficiently. Maybe more efficiently than offline. When Indiegogo started, the word crowdfunding didnt exist, we were the first platform. This concept is very novel and theres a lot of skepticism. And so what we just did is, we focused on campaign first and we did whatever it took to help them raise money.  And in the process of helping them, we learnt what the needs were, what the pain points were and then we build product around that to help address those pain points in need.So, very early it became clear that the whole point of using Indiegogo is to raise more money than you ever could have a loan. So we ask the question, well you know, yes, were removing a pain point. So if someone want to raise money online, they could just put up a website, put up a PayPal link for something and raise that way.So in early days, we remove that pain because we allow them not to have to go through their own website and their own PayPal, etc. But that quickly, that functionality became sophisticated and so then the point of Indiegogo became the ability to reach more people. And so with that, were able to add functionality around social media integration, where people fund Indiegogo and theyre automatically prompted to share it and post it on Facebook and Twitter. We like to say that, when Indiegogo started, I think Twitter had just launched, Facebook was still college only and YouTube was big but MySpace was a big social network then.Were still in very early days, but we realized the whole point is amplification. Indiegogos reason for being is to help ideas amplify themselves. So now with a platform known as the platform that will help you raise the most money possible because we focus on this, and were continuing to focus on this. Were still rolling out product features and enhancements to help with amplification.BEST CAMPAIGNS GOGOFACTORMartin: What type of business ideas run very well on Indiegogo, in terms of which type of business model can raise a lot of money?Danae: Its interesting, a lot of people say what industries do the best. What really, what a successful campaign comes down to is not what industry its in, its what work and effort youre willing to put in it, and how much you audience actually cares. So, we see all kinds of campaigns from businesses launch to food trucks or gadgets get launched, but then we also see filmmakers and professional musicians like leaving their labels and using Indiegogo to raise money. Like We the Kings or Protest the Hero, theyve each raised hundred and thousands of dollars to make an album and  go direct to their fans.So, one thing that a lot of people think that Indiegogo is about is a larger campaign is better, we dont believe that. At Indiegogo, everyone has the right to raise money, and every idea, large and small, is equal in our minds. And so, if your goal is to just open up a coffee shop in your neighborhood and you just need €20 thousand, then go for a campaign to raise €20 thousand. Just because youre not raising 2 million, doesnt mean youre not as important.But then we also have the platform, so that if you do need that 2 million, we have the infrastructure to supp ort that as well. And so the end goal with Indiegogo is a world where everyone is funding what matters to them, whether its a really cool gadget because you love gadgets or its your local coffee shop because you love coffee. Theyre both equally important in your eyes and Indiegogo wants to be the place where you can fund whatever matters to you.Martin: Are there any business model that you are trying to promote on your first page so when people are coming to your website and they see them and what would be the algorithm behind choosing this kind of business?Danae: So Indiegogo at our core, our core believe is that everyone deserve the right to raise money. And so because of that, Indiegogo pioneered an open approach to online funding. So at Indiegogo  we don’t pick and choose projects, its totally open, no application, no judgment. But we also believe in meritocracy. So the ideas that rise to the top that end up on our homepage, for example, or in our newsletters, are ones that e arn their way there. And they earn it by doing all the things to engage a community. Its not just a funding popularity contest but its the engaging, its having the audience thats engaged, its really having a community and a conversation with them, and really kind of bringing everybody together that matters the most.The way weve done this is we created what we call a gogofactor, which is a merit base algorithm similar to Googles PageRank algorithm that determined the placement and the promotions. So the higher your gogofactor, the higher the chances youll show up on the homepage. And I like to say, I love going to the homepage in the morning to see whats there because I dont even know.Martin: Interesting.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM DANAE RINGELMANNMartin: Danae, we always try to share some insights or advice to first time entrepreneur so they make less errors. What advice could you share?Danae: Fail fast, dont worry, dont wait for perfect, really. That was probably my biggest lesson I learnt, I thought about, work through what became Indiegogo for years, and finally when I just quit and took an action and went for it, thats when. Its within months I found my co-founders, within a month after that we have started working on it, within a year we launched the product. So, I think I was trying to get perfect in my head about what the exact thing is, and you cant underestimate the value of getting your idea out in the world and getting that quick feedback. So dont wait for perfect.In a way, Indiegogo is a great way to fail fast because a lot of people put their idea up on Indiegogo, try to raise awareness, try to get engagement, invite people in, and if no ones funding you, that means you probably dont have something that has legs yet and you need to go back  and try again.And so a lot of people use us as a testing platform of checking the street because you can then iterate, fail fast, iterate, come back, and when you are successful raising money you know youre r eally on to something.I would also, my advice to entrepreneurs is, second piece of advice is really be clear with your why, your reason for being. So, what problem are you solving and why do you care so much about it? A lot of, I live out in  San Francisco  and theres always a word, like, Ooo entrepreneurs are sexy. I only became an entrepreneur because I wanted to solve a problem and finance wasnt solving it. And so I had to go start a company to solve a problem, which is make access to capital efficient and fair.And I think it ultimately was one of the reasons that has kept me so motivated for so long and help persevere is because Im obsessed with this problem. A lot of entrepreneurs that you know, want to start a company because its sexy or cool or make a lot of money. I think their chance of failure is higher because there isnt something deeply rooted that is calling them to the work you need to put in everyday for years to make it happen. Because most, very rarely are there com panies that like, start and pop the next the day. It’s going to take, its a journey and you have to be in it, you have to be really have meaningfully motivated to solve a problem to actually be successful.Martin: Thank you very much, Danae.

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was a large and ornate mausoleum built both to honor and hold the remains of Mausolus of Caria. When Mausolus died in 353 BCE, his wife Artemisia ordered the construction of this vast structure in their capital city, Halicarnassus (now called Bodrum) in modern Turkey.  Ã‚  Ultimately, both Mausolus and Artemisia were buried inside. The Mausoleum, considered one of the Seven  Ancient Wonders of the World,  retained its grandeur for nearly 1,800 years until earthquakes in the 15th century destroyed part of the structure. Eventually, nearly all of the stone was taken away  to be used in nearby building projects,  particularly for  a Crusader castle. Mausolus Upon the death of his father in 377 BCE, Mausolus  became the satrap (a  regional governor  in the Persian Empire)  for Caria. Although only a satrap, Mausolus was like a  king in his realm,  ruling for 24 years. Mausolus was descended from the indigenous herdsmen of the area, called Carians, but appreciated Greek culture and society. Thus, Mausolus encouraged  the Carians to  leave  their lives as  herdsmen and embrace the Greek way of life. Mausolus was also  all about expansion. He moved his capital city from Mylasa to the coastal city of Halicarnassus and then worked on a  number of projects to  beautify the city, including building a large palace for himself. Mausolus  was also politically savvy and was thus able to add several nearby cities to his  realm. When Mausolus died in 353 BCE, his wife Artemisia, who also happened to be his sister, was grief-stricken. She wanted the most beautiful tomb built for her departed husband. Sparing no expense, she hired the very best sculptors and architects  that money could buy. It is unfortunate that Artemisia died just two years after her husband, in 351 BCE, not seeing the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus completed. Mausoleum of Halicarnassus Built from  about 353 to 350 BCE, there were five famous sculptors that worked on the exquisite tomb. Each sculptor had a portion that they were responsible for --  Bryaxis (north side), Scopas (east side), Timotheus (south side), and Leochares (west side). The chariot on top was  created by Pythias. The structure of the Mausoleum was made up of three parts: a  square base on the bottom, 36 columns (9 on each side) in the middle, and then topped by a stepped pyramid that had 24 steps. All of this was covered in ornate carvings, with life-size and larger-than-life statues abounding. At the very top was the piece de resistance; the chariot. This 25-foot-high marble sculpture consisted of standing  statues of both Mausolus and Artemisia riding in a chariot pulled by four horses. Much of the Mausoleum was made out of marble and the entire structure reached 140 feet high. Although large, the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus was known more for its ornate sculptures and carvings. Most of these were painted in vibrant colors. There were also friezes that wrapped around the entire building. These were extremely detailed and included scenes of battle and hunting, as well as scenes  from Greek mythology that included such mythic animals as centaurs. The Collapse After 1,800 years,  the long-lasting Mausoleum was destroyed by earthquakes that occurred  during the 15th century CE in the region.  During and after that time,  much of the marble was carried away in order to build other buildings, most especially a Crusader fortress held by the Knights of St. John.  Some of the elaborate sculptures were moved into the fortress as decoration. In 1522 CE, the crypt that for so long had safely held the remains of Mausolus and Artemisia was raided. Over time, people forgot exactly where the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus had stood. Houses were built on top. In the 1850s, British archaeologist Charles Newton recognized that some of the decorations at Bodrum Castle, as the Crusader fortress was now called, could have been from the famous Mausoleum. After studying the area and excavating, Newton found the  site of the Mausoleum.  Today, the British Museum in London contains statues and relief slabs from the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus.  Ã‚   Mausoleums Today Interestingly, the modern word mausoleum, which means a building used as a tomb, comes from the name Mausolus, for whom this wonder of the world was named. The tradition of creating mausoleums in cemeteries continues around the world today.  Families and individuals build mausoleums, both large and small,  in their own or others honor following their deaths.  In addition to these more  common mausoleums,  there are other, larger mausoleums that are tourist attractions today.  The worlds most famous mausoleum is the Taj Mahal in India.

Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay - 925 Words

Sister Love The play entitled â€Å"Trifles,† by Susan Glaspell, begins as a murder mystery that turns into a drama as the story unfolds. The story is focused on the investigation of a murder that took place in a farm house. The investigators, who are all men, are in the farm house looking for forensic evidence to help them solve the murder. The wives of two of the investigators are there to retrieve personal items for the wife of the victim. Mrs. Wright, who is the wife of the victim, is in jail as the primary suspect of her husband’s murder. When the story begins, all the characters are in the kitchen engaging in small talk. One of the investigators is criticizing the state of the kitchen by complaining that it is dirty and†¦show more content†¦The behavior of men towards women in a patriarchal society is described by Manju when she describes society in India by stating, â€Å"In Indian society stress is given to create female persona for different stages, docile daughters, chase and obedient wives and sacrificing mothers. The only domain ascribed to female is to fit in this good daughter, good wife and good mother criteria. Husband and wife are considered soul mates. But man assumes himself superior to woman, and he never tries to create emotional bonding with his wife, to understand her wishes or act according to her consent† (234). The rest of this paper will analyze the effects that male dominance had on the women. Throughout the story, the constant criticism of the women’s behavior by the men caused the female characters to develop a kinship and bond; they form a sisterhood. In one of the scenes, the attorney is angry that the towels in the kitchen are dirty. He kicks some pans that are under the sink and accuses Mrs. Wright (the victim’s wife) of not being a good house keeper. Mrs. Hale, one of the women, reminds the attorney that towels get dirty because men’s hands aren’t always clean. At first we suspect that the two women are friends but when the attorney asks her if they were friends Mrs. Hale responds by saying â€Å"I’ve not seen much of her of late years. I’ve not been in this house—it’s more than a year.† After the men leave, Mrs. Hale reorganizes the pans thatShow MoreRelatedTrifles, By Susan Glaspell Essay2136 Words   |  9 Pagesprimarily of a domestic nature. Trifles by Susan Glaspell indicates that a man†™s perspective is entirely different from a woman’s. The one-act play, Trifles, is a murder mystery which examines the lives of rural, middle-aged, married, women characters through gender relationships, power between the sexes, and the nature of truth. The play, written in the early 1900s, long before the women’s movement and while men considered women their possessions. In the story of Trifles, it is easy to recognize theRead MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell1158 Words   |  5 PagesAnalytical Essay on Drama Trifles by Susan Glaspell Heidi Barnard South University Trifles’ By Susan Glaspell I believe had several small defining moments leading to the one larger defining moment, which brings together all of them together. The defining moment is the discovery of the dead bird hidden in the pretty red box, this leads back to smaller points such as her sewing and the bird cage. â€Å" Here’s some red. I expect this has got sewing things in it. (Brings out a fancy box.) What aRead MoreTrifles By Susan Glaspell1000 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, the author presents a predominant  theme of women and femininity. This theme reflects upon the underlying message of the play, that women are not treated fairly and are not seen in the same light as men. Susan Glaspell demonstrates the common assumptions made by men towards women in terms of roles and degrading their value/insight. Throughout the play, Glaspell provides many instances to where a woman’s value or insight is degraded. Hale demonstrates thisRead MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell604 Words   |  2 Pages Trifles by Susan Glaspell is a one-act play that explores the theme of the gender roles and social positions of men and women in early twentieth-century America. The play is loosely based on the true event of the murder of John Hossack which Glaspell reported on while working as a news journalist in Iowa. Years later, she used her experiences and observations to create the play. Trifles is about solving the murder case of farmer John Wright. While Mr. Wright was asleep in the night, someoneRead MoreTrifles, By Susan Glaspell1034 Words   |  5 Pagessay goes. The 1912 play Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, who was inspired to write this play from a story she covered as a reporter. A murder case is being held and authorities are getting down to it suspecting a woman of killing her husband in his sl eep. The character Mrs. Hale who is neighbors and friends with Mrs. Peters, the sheriff’s wife and Mrs. Wright, the woman accused of the murder of her Husband, Mr. Wright. The character Mrs. Hale, in the Susan Glaspell s play Trifles, is displayed as a empoweringRead MoreTrifles, By Susan Glaspell Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesSusan Glaspell’s one-act play Trifles is based on the murder investigation of John Wright. Minnie Wright’s isolation and the death of her canary are the major factors that led to the murder of her husband. Glaspell stresses the perceived supremacy of males when investigating the murder by giving the men lead roles in the investigation and by making fun of the â€Å"trifles† that the women are choosing to observe. It is ironic because the ordinary items observed by the women were thought of as â€Å"trifles†Read MoreTrifles : Susan Glaspell s Trifles940 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a trifle? A trifle is something that ha s little to no importance (dictionary.com). For instance, the color of your nails would be considered a trifle. In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, women are criticized and made fun of by men because of the little things they worry about, such as the color of their nails or their hair. This exhibits the gender role difference portrayed during the play’s time period. The central conflict is what the plot is centered around. In Trifles, the central conflictRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1507 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Trifles† is a one act play written by Susan Glaspell in 1916, which was first performed on August 8th by the Provincetown Players in Provincetown, Massachusetts at the Wharf Theater. The author, Susan Glaspell, was born on July 1, 1876 in Davenport, Iowa. Over her lifetime she had become proficient in many different professions: Playwright, Actress, Novelist, and Journalist. For her works, she won an American Pulitzer Prize in 1931. The Provincetown Players was founded by Susan Glaspell and herRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1732 Words   |  7 PagesSusan Glaspell (1876-1948) was an American-born Pulitzer Prize winning writer of both plays and fiction. Glaspell came from humble beginnings and went on to study at Drake University and the University of Chicago. Much of Glaspell s work dealt with the relationships between men and women and the negative effects they have on women. In Glaspell s play Trifles, it is revealed that the operations of patriarchy are just an illusion that men have created to make themselves feel superior to womenRead MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell Essay1253 Words   |  6 Pages Susan Glaspell’s most memorable one-act play, Trifles (1916) was based on murder trial case that happened in the 1900’s. Glaspell worked as a reporter, where she appointed a report of a murder case. It was about a farmer, John Hossack who was killed while he was asleep in bed one night. His wife claimed that she was asleep next to him when the attack occurred. No one believed in her statement, she was arrested and was charged on first degree murder. In Trifles, the play takes place at an abandon

We Can Raise Antibodies Against a Specific Antigen, How Free Essays

We Can Raise Antibodies Against a Specific Antigen, How? BY loveyal 2345 Midterm 2 Review Antibodies Experimental Purpose: We can â€Å"raise† antibodies against a specific antigen (protein of interest) How? Polyclonal: 1 antigen with many antibodies that bind to specific sites on the antigen (Received by injecting animal with protein of interest, waiting for that animal to build antibodies (B-lymphocytes). The lymphocytes are then extracted which give us the polyclonal antibodies. Monoclonal: I antibody that binds to a specific site on the antigen. We will write a custom essay sample on We Can Raise Antibodies Against a Specific Antigen, How or any similar topic only for you Order Now (These are received by the same way as polyclonal, expect you only extract ne antibody, and place that into a cancer cell to create a chimera of the two, the immortal cancer cell then acts like the monoclonal antibody. ) These are the best to use in experiments because they are specific to only ONE protein of interest. These antibodies can used in experiments to: Purify a protein of interest Visualize a particular protein in a live system or in a gel How Probe the gel to visualize where a protein is. Probing Protein Structure 1) X-ray crystallography – Spend h your life producing sufficiently pure protein and obtaining a crystal protein (Crystallizing the proteins is a hard process) â€Å"Shoot† crystal protein with light, electrons, or radiation and examine the diffraction patterns with extremely powerful computers -Analyze all the data while considering the amino-acid sequence and build a 3-D model of the protein. ) NMR-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Used rarely) – For small proteins only – â€Å"Shoot† concentrated pure proteins with strong magnetic field to generate hydrogen atom vibrations. – Use computer program to measure reconstruct the structure of the protein by measuring the hydrogen atom vibrations. Mass spectrometry is used as a precursor to both of these experiments. It generates the amino-acid sequence. Protein Purification 1) Grow Cells with protein of interest (transferred on plasmid or native cell) 2) Lyse Cells -homogenization of tissues†did in lab -cell lysis buffers†break cell membrane -sonication†send sound waves through the cell to break membrane -pin-hole lysis†push mixture through an extremely tiny hole (Force large molecules through a small opening causes them to break apart) 3) Centrifugation A) Regular Centrifugation B) Differential Centrifugation: Sequential centrifugation @ increasing speeds (lowohigh) -low speed pellets = big things -high speed pellets= small things C) Velocity Centrifugation layer cell and lysate over a â€Å"density gradient† and centrifuge to separate by density. Remove layers to separate proteins. D) Equilibrium Sedimentation: another name for C 4) Column Cromatography 3 types Ion exchange (charge separation)†protein adheres to beads of an opposite charge Gel filtration (size separation)†matrix has holes, the large proteins come out last Affinity (Affinity separation)†beads have something on it that only your protein binds to. ) Electrophoresis (small volume separation or detection) -use polyacrylimide gel (creates a â€Å"mesh† in the gel to separate proteins by size and charge. separates denatured proteins 6) Isoelectric focusing based on isolelectric point of protein†2D electrophoresis Griffiths Experiment Conclusion: heat killed bacteria transformed nonviolent bacteria Extract of heat killing S-strain transform R-strain to become S-strain Isolated â€Å"transforming material† (TM) and determined it was DNA not proteins that carried genetic information. (Took 1 5 years) How do we test Added proteases Injected into mouse Mouse should live ( According to beliefs during that time period) Mouse however dies Added nucleases Mouse should die (According to beliefs during that time period) Mouse however lives This illustrated that DNA carried the genetic information Hershey-chase Experiments Bacteriophages†virus that infect bacteria Inject DNA into bacteria (naked)†DNA unprotected by proteins Protein shell left outside of bacteria Label phages Label protein 7 groups of phages Label DNA in other groups of phages Mix both phage types with bacteria Blend bacterial mixture so that any viral parts outside the cell are ripped off Pellet bacteria and observe that only DNA label types is seen in pelleted bacteria Proved DNA carries genetic information 1) Grow bacteria with light DNA (14N) and heavy DNA (1 5N) which will separate to ifferent levels upon density-gradient centrifugation 2) Transfer heavy DNA and place in flask with light isotope Allows to eliminate conservative view 3) Heat DNA from step 2 to make it single stranded, then centrifuge. How to cite We Can Raise Antibodies Against a Specific Antigen, How, Papers

Interrogation techniques of the French in Algeria

Introduction During the mid 1950s, the Front de Liberation Nationale (FNL), also referred to as National Liberation Front, declared an armed struggle for the emancipation of the Algerian people. This was an armed group that fought for the liberation of Algeria from its French colonial masters. This was followed by well coordinated attacks against key French installations throughout the country.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Interrogation techniques of the French in Algeria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This resulted to the French launching retaliatory attacks, which led to the great Algerian war that lasted for almost a decade from 1954 to 1962. By the time the war ended, the French administration had already committed more than half a million soldiers to suppress the uprising against its colonial rule. This was a war that combined revolutionary uprising tactics from the revolutionist and state instigat ed torture from the French administration (St. John, 2006). During the battle for Algiers, as the war is famously known, the French administration was highly criticized for using unconventional methods of interrogation against the National Liberation Front. Some of these strategies made use of human-powered power generators that were used to induce torture to obtain vital information about the FLN’s uprising strategies (Morgan, 2005). Torture Torture can simply be defined as the deliberate inducement of severe psychological, physical, and emotional pain in a show of cruelty. It is also a strategy of intimidation, or a measure of administering revenge and punishment. Torture is also a device of retrieving information or confessions. It is also used to deter the potential aggressors. Torture is not new in history. For ages, torture has existed in cases of differences in power, authority, and control. Historically, it has been viewed as a major theme in political, religious, and military conflicts. Torture is also well evidenced in the community context through acts of child abuse, rape and incest, domestic abuse and neglect of the elderly. There are various forms of torture, but the two main forms are psychological and physical torture. Physical torture is the most common form of torture and can be very brutal. It may be visible to the naked eye or sometimes it may be very difficult to detect. This depends on the strategies employed to administer the torture. Psychological torture is not widely known to the general public. Psychological torture is very subtle in its approach and is far much easier to hide than physical torture. Perpetrators of the heinous acts often adopt both physical and psychological torture in their mission (Suedfeld, 1990). The Rationalization of Torture There is no acceptable reason, opinion or answer that can be given to justify the use of torture in interrogation of individuals. The bottom line is that torture is not acceptable. A ccording to research carried out on torture and interrogation, it was revealed that individuals are stimulated or forced to talk because of the threat of physical violence against them.Advertising Looking for case study on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it was also revealed that, in all occasions of physical torture, the interrogators did not get the information they were seeking. Sometimes interrogators may get the correct information, but this is not guaranteed (Fritz, 2003). The justification of the questioning models used by the French military during the fight against insurgency in Algeria can be viewed differently. The chief of intelligence at the time was known as the French General Aussaresses. He supported the use of torture claiming that it was very useful in the efforts to crash the insurgence. However, he admitted that most of the insurgence barely retreated to the hills only to return during the withdrawal of French forces from Algeria. He argued that, the most efficient way to obtain information from a terrorist, who was adamant not to disclose any information, was through torture. From a utilitarian perspective, it was necessary and justifiable to safeguard and provide security to the majority against a minority terrorist group. In this case, torture against the terrorist group can be validated for the good of the society at large. A top French military official, Col. Mathieu, emphasized to his soldiers that they should first identify the enemy and then destroy him. Algiers was inhabited by over 400,000 Arabs at that time, and only a few individuals engaged in terrorism. Torture was rationalized as the only way to deter a widespread eminent assault on the French people. In this respect, the needs of the French people outweighed that of the militants under French army’s custody (Bufacchi Arrigo, 2006). The other perspective that rationalized torture duri ng the Algerian war was that, by virtue of the insurgence participating in terrorism, they had waived all their rights. Terrorists were perceived to be communists by the French authorities. The French held that the communists were inherently evil, and torture carried out against them was rational. In this regard, the French believed that terrorists had no ethical standards and hence had no rights to be violated. The rights of those not engaging in terrorism were respected compared to those of individuals caught in terrorism (Fritz, 2003). The reasons discussed above informed the French’s decision to use torture during the Algerian war. During the war, the French army had the obligation to provide security to the population as it continued with its search for the insurgents. It was at the French military’s discretion to use unconventional strategies such as torture to achieve their goals. Consequently, torture became something ethical. The French had an ethical obligati on to suppress the insurgence by all means possible. This was aimed to protect the lives and property of the French (Bufacchi Arrigo, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Interrogation techniques of the French in Algeria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Torture Benefits The adoption of torture by the French in interrogating the insurgents enabled the French to dismantle the Arab rebellion expeditiously. Within a period of seven months, the armed insurgence movement and communication were totally destroyed forcing the insurgents to take cover in the mountains. The French people were victorious because they were able to crash and eliminate the National Liberation Front network based in Casbah, a Muslim strong hold (St. John, 2006). The Cost of torture The French military came out victorious in the first round of the war. However, they finally lost the war and were forced to withdraw from Algeria in 1962. T his is the time when the National Liberation Front declared victory and independences from France. The use of torture as a tactic may have been successful in the short run, but it proved costly for the French as it increased support for the national liberation front from within and outside Algeria. The French military was also discredited, which led to break in ranks within the military. This finally led to an assassination attempt on the French president, De Gaulle. Torture also heightened political scandals in France, and this left the French traumatized (Morgan, 2005). The battle for Algiers led to a lot of causalities on both sides. It is estimated that about 30,000 French nationals and one million Algerians lost their lives. In addition, more than 800,000 settlers from Europe, popularly referred to as pied-noirs, were forced into exile. The local people who were hired into the French army were widely scorned and labeled traitors. They were eventually tracked down and assassinat ed by the FLN administration. The Algerian war resulted to the collapse of six French governments, the fourth republic, and almost led to a civil war (St. John, 2006). Analysis The experience of the French has shown that the use of unconventional methods of interrogation such as torture can be an effective strategy in containing insurgencies. However, there is a negative side to it; torture cannot win a war. Loyalty of the citizens is more important in a war than the use of torture. By employing torture strategies, the French lost the loyalty of its citizens. On the other hand, the Algerians gained the loyalty from the citizens as a result of being tortured. Torture may provide short term tactical advantage. Any toleration on use of torture is bound to fail.Advertising Looking for case study on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The use of torture to the Algerian people is associated with more disadvantages than advantages. The moral principle of any contest, disagreement, or conflict, whether it is against terrorism or insurgency, holds the key to success and victory. The United States, in its war against terror, should borrow a leaf from the events that occurred in Algeria. They should not condone any form of interrogation that uses torture to retrieve information. References Bufacchi, V. Arrigo, J.M. (2006). Torture, Terrorism and the State: A Refutation of the Ticking Time-Bomb Argument. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 23(3): 355-373. Fritz, A., (2003). Terrorism and Torture. International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 17(1): 105-118. Morgan, T. (2005). My battle of Algiers: A memoir. New York: Smithsonian Books/Collins. St. John, R. B. (2006). Battle of Algiers, Battle of Iraq. Retrieved from http://www.albionmonitor.com/0606a/algiersiraq.html Suedfeld, P. (1990). Psychology and torture. Ne w York [u.a.: Hemisphere Publ. Corp. This case study on Interrogation techniques of the French in Algeria was written and submitted by user Maginty to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.